-
Handbook of Listening
/ Transactional Analysis of the Listening Activity, Second
Edition
- Written by Franklin H. Ernst Jr.,
M.D. / 144 pages, 28 drawings/figures, Table of
Contents, Footnotes. This is an in depth discussion
about listening. Chapters topics include: "Listening
Defined," "Listener Ego States," "Childhood Development
and Listening," "Transactional Analysis of Listening,"
"Game Moves and the Listener," "Manipulating Listeners,"
"Adult Procedures for Better Listening," "Listening
Efficiency," "Formulations, Prescriptions, and Learning
Procedures for Listeners," "Glossary." ( HTML )
( PDF )
-
The Outline of the
Activity of Listening, Transactional Analysis of the
Listening Activity
- Written by Franklin H. Ernst Jr.,
M.D. / 40 pages, 1 diagram, Table of Contents. This is
an introductory guide to the listening activity.
The complete text is viewable below.
( HTML )
( PDF )
Listening
1. The activity of
listening is manifested by visible, physical bodily movement.
2. Listening
activity is to be differentiated from hearing. Hearing is
a semi-automatic, auditory-environment scanning operation.
3. The non-listener
is characterized by an absence of visible, physical movement, an
eyeblink rate less than once every 5 seconds,
4. In most group
meetings more than 90 percent of man-hours are spent doing something
other than talking.
5. "Not-now-talking"
time has been found to be of three different varieties:
( a ) Listening
activity,
( b ) Thinking and
taking notes in the manner of learning more facts and time spent on
mentally working on another program. For example things brought up
during committee discussions: “working it (earlier material) over” in
group after compelling, thought provoking transactions were expressed.
( c ) The
semi-automatic operation of scanning the auditory environment around
self, detecting all sounds (spoken and other). This can occur while day
dreaming. This is hearing.
6. Listener
attitudes and behaviors, as also with talker behaviors, can be
viewed as originating from one of three general categories of ego
states, i.e. Parental, Adult, or Childhood. The listening
experiences (internal reasoning-feeling) of each of these classes of
ego-states are associated with corresponding characteristic external,
manifest behavior, attitudes, postures and movements.
7. Adult listening
with almost uncanny regularity, is associated with a “level,”
“squared-up” countenance.
8. Parental and
Childlike listening ego states are usually accompanied by an angle
of the face and head. A “tilt” of the head and face usually means an
“angle-in-mind” listener and/or talker.
Characteristic Adult,
Child and Parental listening postures, movements and sounds are further
differentiated in this text.
9. During childhood,
very vigorous training is given to the child’s developing listening-looking-pointing-talking activities. This training is
concerned with:
(a) masking (or
exaggerating) responsive evidence of the Child’s auditory sensory
input, expressions and the ability to logically organize what is seen,
witnessed and experienced;
(b) the learning of
pretending and other reality-questioning, denying techniques (e.g.,“It-seems-to-me”); and rules (opinions) and “rights” (prejudices?) about
denying satisfaction to or enforcing satisfaction from another person in
social encounters.
The childhood training
programs about these developing listening-looking-pointing-talking
activities also have long lasting educational, learning consequences in
addition to the psychological, developmental, social-skillfulness
consequences for the person.
10. The Parental
listener is concerned with approving (feeding) or disapproving of
(prohibiting-disciplining) of the talker.
11. Repetitious,
non-audible activity, such as silent head-nodding in response to
vocal stimuli, is experienced as deprivation by the talker.
12. In the analysis of
transactions (one stimulus and the other person’s response to it)
between two persons demonstrates:
(a) The influence
of the talker on the listener and
(b) The influence of
the listener (his gestures, postures, movements both manifested and
withheld) on the talker.
This latter phenomenon is
perhaps better known under the euphonious (the misleading) terminology
of “non-lexical” and “nonverbal communication.”
13. Some (game)
maneuvers are described which are used by talkers to influence
the listener, and others used by listeners to influence the
talker. The talker maneuver of “It-seems-to-me,-that …” is dealt
with in some detail. When this phrase is being used as a maneuver in a
game, the substitution o£ the phrase, “My-Daddy-says-that ....” will
usually be complementary and in context.
14. Some techniques
used to improve listening operations are described. In the social
idiom, some of these are named and discussed:
(a)
“Get-a-Level”
(b)
“Get-a-Move-On”
(c)
“Give-with-an-Audible”
(d) “Select-Your Own-Stroking
(when-and-to-whom-you-will-give-your-own-words-and-strokes)”
(e)
“Brush-Touch”
(f)
“Sound-Screen”
(g)
“Duet Talking”
15. People who are demonstrably
improving their listening skills are
listening between one and two thirds (of the time, content or event);
i.e., maximum listening efficiency in the individual varies
between 30 percent and 70 percent.
The OK Corral
There are four major classes of outcomes which result from social
encounters. The four classes are called Get-On-With (GOW), Get-Rid-Of (GRO),
Get-Away-From (GAF), Get-Nowhere-With (GNW). They are shown in the
"OK
Corral: Grid for What's Happening."
The four classes of outcome are called
Get-On-With (GOW)
Get-Rid-Of (GRO)
Get-Away-From (GAF)
Get-Nowhere-With (GNW)
a. The Get-On-With (GOW) outcome of a social encounter occurs
when the personal experience of the particular person closes with an IAm-OK and You-Are-OK.
b. The Get-Rid-Of (GRO) outcome of a social encounter occurs when
the personal experience of the particular person closes with an I-Am-OK and You-Are-Not-OK.
c. The Get-Away-From (GAF) outcome of a social encounter occurs
when the personal experience of the particular person closes with I-Am-Not-OK and YouAre-OK.
d. The Get-Nowhere-With (GNW) outcome occurs when the personal
experience of the particular person closes with I-Am-Not-OK and
You-Are-Not-OK.
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